Faculty Listing (CTL)
Qui Alexander, Assistant Professor
qui.alexander@utoronto.ca
Gender, Sexuality, and Trans Studies. Black trans studies, abolition and transformative justice, Black feminist thought, critical pedagogies.
Melissa Bartrem, Lecturer
melissa.bartrem@utoronto.ca
Kathy Bickmore, Professor
k.bickmore@utoronto.ca
Comparative education, peace, and citizenship education. Critical curriculum and pedagogy studies.
Jennifer Brant, Associate Professor
jennifer.brant@utoronto.ca
Indigenous maternal praxis and Indigenous feminisms, Indigenous research methodologies, Indigenous literatures as liberatory praxis, anti-colonial literacies and resurgent frameworks for Indigenous literatures. Dismantling racialized, sexualized and gender-based violences.
Clare Brett, Associate Professor
clare.brett@utoronto.ca
Online learning communities, digital communications technologies, online learning, synchronous and asynchronous learning.
Kathy Broad, Associate Professor, Teaching Stream
k.broad@utoronto.ca
Teacher professional learning, teacher education, teacher mentorship, continuing professional learning.
Cassie Brownell, Assistant Professor
cassie.brownell@utoronto.ca
Politics of identity, literacies, and civics in contemporary schooling. Critical literacies, digital literacies, and elementary education.
Carol-Ann Burke, Associate Professor
carolann.burke@utoronto.ca
Science education and science teacher education. Post-colonial theory in Science education, under-represented youth in Science education. Interdisciplinary academic education.
Alexandre Cavalcante, Assistant Professor
alexandre.cavalcante@utoronto.ca
Financial education, numeracy, citizenship, STEM, entrepreneurship.
Karyn Cooper, Associate Professor
karyn.cooper@utoronto.ca
Sociocultural dimensions of literacy and teacher education. Children's literature. Inclusion, equity, and democratic practice.
Paul Darvasi, Lecturer
paul.darvasi@utoronto.ca
Seitebaleng Susan Dintoe, Lecturer
seitebalengs.dintoe@utoronto.ca
Sameena Eidoo Assistant Professor
sameena.eidoo@utoronto.ca
Critical pedagogies, critical race theory, decolonizing methodologies, embodied anti-racism, futures, global Islam, hip hop culture, human rights, intersectional and transnational feminism, narrative strategy, sociology of education, youth politicization.
Rose Fine-Meyer, Lecturer
rose.fine.meyer@utoronto.ca
Canadian women's history, Textbook narratives, Pedagogical practices.
Patrick Finnessy, Lecturer
pk.finnessy@utoronto.ca
Diversity of thought and identities in curriculum, Diverse educational settings, Qualitative research, Race, Gender, Class, Sexual Orientation.
Kathleen Gallagher, Professor
kathleen.gallagher@utoronto.ca
Youth and social inequality, lived experiences of global youth, educational policy, community-engaged research, theatre.
Rubén Gaztambide-Fernandez, Professor
r.gaztambide.fernandez@utoronto.ca
Symbolic boundaries and the dynamics of cultural production and processes of identification in educational contexts. Urban schooling, cultural production, culture, inequality, sociology of education, curriculum and pedagogy.
Jen Gilbert, Professor
jen.gilbert@utoronto.ca
Queer and trans students, teachers, and families, controversies in sex education, gendered and racialized narratives of risk, sexuality, and youth
Garfield Gini-Newman, Associate Professor, Teaching Stream
ggininewman.gini.newman@utoronto.ca
Effective assessment practice. Critical thinking in learning, how to create classrooms for deep learning through sustained inquiry.
Wanja Gitari, Professor
wanja.gitari@utoronto.ca
Cognitive continuity in science learning, access and equity in science education, socio-cultural context of science education, Indigenous knowledges.
Tara Goldstein, Professor
tara.goldstein@utoronto.ca
Verbatim theatre and performed ethnography. Experiences of LGBTQ families.
Cristina Guerrero Banyai, Lecturer
cristina.guerrero@utoronto.ca
Youth participatory action research, critical race and schooling, teacher professional development, participatory research methods.
Jim Hewitt, Associate Professor
jim.hewitt@utoronto.ca
Educational applications of computer-based technologies, discursive processes in collaborative learning environments. Asynchronous distance education. sociocultural supports for knowledge building in elementary science classrooms. Uses of multimedia and online technologies for teacher development.
Rebecca Hughes, Lecturer
rebecca.hughes@utoronto.ca
Hilary Inwood, Lecturer
hilary.inwood@utoronto.ca
Art education, environmental & sustainability education, Qualitative Research, Teaching methods, Environmental literacy.
Selia Karsten, Lecturer
selia.karsten@utoronto.ca
Arlo Kempf, Associate Professor
arlo.kempf@utoronto.ca
Anti-racism and anti-colonialism in K-12 and teacher education. Critical whiteness and white supremacy in education. Critical perspectives on neoliberalism in education.
Rishi Krishnamoorthy, Assistant Professor
rishi.krishnamoorthy@utoronto.ca
Desettling colonial approaches to research methodology, co-designing justice-oriented science curricula with youth and teachers, youth and identity.
Tony Lam, Associate Professor
tcm.lam@utoronto.ca
Self-reporting, rating scale construction, evaluation of treatment impact, performance and alternative learner assessment methods, measurement-driven education reform.
Michelle Lui, Assistant Professor
michelle.lui@utoronto.ca
Design of immersive technologies for supporting the learning of complex concepts. She employs a mixed-methods, multimodal approach to understand the different facets of the user experience—from physiological signals to behavioural indicators, connecting them to learning outcomes.
Roger Mantie, Professor
roger.mantie@utoronto.ca
Connections between schooling and society, with a focus on lifelong engagement in and with music and the arts.
Cathy Marks Krpan Associate Professor, Teaching Stream
cathy.marks.krpan@utoronto.ca
Mathematics education focus on how to support students who struggle, English Language Learners and the teaching of argumentation. Her current research project explores think-alouds and self-talk in mathematics.
Doug McDougall Professor
doug.mcdougall@utoronto.ca
Mathematics teaching and learning, the professional learning of teachers, reciprocal learning between teachers in China and Canada, technology-supported learning, and academic leadership.
Kim MacKinnon, Assistant Professor, Teaching Stream
kimberley.mackinnon@utoronto.ca
Education technology, collaborative learning, online learning.
Jack Miller, Professor
j.miller@utoronto.ca
Whole Child Education, The Holistic Curriculum, The Contemplative Practitioner, Education and the Soul, and Love and Compassion: Exploring their Role in Education
David Montemurro, Associate Professor, Teaching Stream
d.montemurro@utoronto.ca
Urban education, global citizenship and sustainability education. Global citizenship education, culturally responsive pedagogy and sustainability education.
Cecilia Morgan, Professor
cecilia.morgan@utoronto.ca
Gender, colonialism, and imperialism in the British Empire; the writing of Canadian history at a popular level in 19th- and 20th-century Ontario; links between gender, culture, and imperial identities.
Shelley Murphy, Lecturer
shelley.murphy@utoronto.ca
Well-being and mindfulness in school settings.
Sarfaroz Niyozov, Associate Professor
sarfaroz.niyozov@utoronto.ca
Teacher development and education reform in developing, Muslim, and post-communist contexts; global education, international and comparative curriculum studies/education.
Fikile Nxumalo, Associate Professor
f.nxumalo@utoronto.ca
Curricular and pedagogical possibilities for disrupting anti-Black and settler colonial educational frames that erase and/or enact deficit constructions of Black and Indigenous childhoods, knowledges and place relations. Reconceptualizing place-based education, climate change education and environmental education with and for young children.
Erminia Pedretti, Professor
erminia.pedretti@utoronto.ca
Science, technology, society and environment education, environmental and outdoor education, action research, teacher professional development and learning science in formal and informal settings such as museums, science centres, and zoos.
Krystle Phirangee, Lecturer
krystle.phirangee@utoronto.ca
Neil Ramjewan, Assistant Professor, Teaching Stream
neil.ramjewan@mail.utoronto.ca
Allison Ritchie, Lecturer
allison.ritchie@utoronto.ca
Engagement with scientific discussions and activities, problem solving, verbal and non-verbal actions, science identities.
Clelia O. Rodríguez, Lecturer
clelia.rodriguez@utoronto.ca
Lisa Sandlos, Lecturer
lisa.sandlos@utoronto.ca
Dance education, Sexualization in dance for youth, Public perceptions of dance, Girls' psychological and social development.
Marlene Scardamalia, Professor
marlene.scardamalia@utoronto.ca
Knowledge building, leading a worldwide innovation network transforming schools for education for knowledge creation. Knowledge Building theoretical models, social structures, pedagogies, and technologies to enable “a place for everyone in a knowledge society.”
Rob Simon, Associate Professor
rob.simon@utoronto.ca
Practitioner research, critical literacy, and New Literacy Studies, how educators develop understandings, curriculum, and pedagogy from students' diverse cultures, languages, and literacy practices.
Jim Slotta, Professor
jim.slotta@utoronto.ca
New models of collaborative and collective inquiry in K-12 science, including powerful new roles for technology enhanced learning environments. Knowledge Community and Inquiry.
Brenda Stein Dzaldov, Lecturer
brenda.steindzaldov@utoronto.ca
Literacy education, Inclusive practices, Creating psychologically-safe space for teaching and learning.
Leslie Stewart Rose, Associate Professor, Teaching Stream
leslie.stewartrose@utoronto.ca
Teacher's professional learning, curriculum development, program assessment and development and teaching assessments, arts education and equity education. How pedagogies are connected with being, becoming, and belonging.
Sandra Styres, Associate Professor
sandra.styres@utoronto.ca
Teaching and learning in Indigenous contexts; Land-centered approaches to language, literacy, and curriculum; as well as, integration of Indigenous perspectives in teaching and learning across all levels and a variety of contexts with both Indigenous and non-Indigenous students.
Heather Sykes, Professor
heather.sykes@utoronto.ca
Students' narratives about homophobia, transphobia and fat phobia. How society constructs ideals about 'healthy' and 'athletic' bodies, sporting homonationalism and anti-colonial resistance. Gender justice activists mobilizing against sporting mega-events, such as the Olympics.
Peter Pericles Trifonas, Professor
peter.trifonas@utoronto.ca
Poststructuralism, critical theory, ethics, converging literacies, curriculum theory, philosophy of education, social and cultural studies, technology and media.
Lesley Wilton, Lecturer
lesley.wilton@utoronto.ca
Online and blended learning, teaching with technology, Pre-service education, New literacies, Artifical Intelligence in Education.
Guy Allen Associate Professor, Teaching Stream
guy.allen@utoronto.ca
Expressive writing; publishing, writing teaching, learning and curriculum development; health and science writing
Jeff Bale Associate Professor
jeff.bale@utoronto.ca
Language-education policy and teacher education, linguistic dimensions of systemic racism at school.
Antoinette Gagné Associate Professor
antoinette.gagne@utoronto.ca
Teacher education for diversity and inclusion, plurilingual students in post-secondary education, multimedia production, the experience of newcomers and their families in Canadian schools.
Pablo Robles-Garcia Assistant Professor
p.roblesgarcia@utoronto.ca
Spanish language learning, second language acquisition, vocabulary teaching and learning and vocabulary testing
Julie Kerekes Associate Professor
julie.kerekes@utoronto.ca
Linguistic manifestations of social (in)equities, the role of intercultural communications in language teaching. Employment trajectories of internationally educated professionals.
Penny Kinnear Lecturer
penny.kinnear@utoronto.ca
Normand Labrie Professor
normand.labrie@utoronto.ca
Linguistic pluralism, language politics, linguistics minorities, discourse analysis. Language, identity and educational policies.
Emmanuelle Le Pichon-Vorstman Assistant Professor
e.lepichon@utoronto.ca
Educational linguistic, Linguistic diversity, Education rights of linguistic minorities, metacognition, migration & mobilities, Inclusive education.
David Levine Professor
david.levine@utoronto.ca
Shakespeare and Cultural Literacy, Historical Literacy and Popular Culture, Film/Cinematic Literacy, history of education with special reference to social modernization and economic change, the history of schooling in relation to demographic analysis and family history, the history of literacy, the social history of education in relation to popular culture, educational history in England and the historiography of the history of education.
Marie-Paule Lory Associate Professor
mariepaule.lory@utoronto.ca
Enrica Piccardo Professor
enrica.piccardo@utoronto.ca
The implication of linguistic and cultural diversity in language education. Cognitive, emotional, and social aspects in relation to linguistic and cultural diversity, the teaching and learning of second/foreign languages, teacher development, and the structuring of curricula. Plurilingualism and mediation.
Shakina Rajendram Assistant Professor
shakina.rajendram@utoronto.ca
Second language learning and curriculum development, pre-service and in-service teacher education, and supporting multilingual learners in K-12 and higher education contexts through translanguaging and multiliteracies pedagogies.
Vijay Ramjattan Assistant Professor, Teaching Stream
vijay.ramjattan@utoronto.ca
Shelly Stagg Peterson Professor
shellystagg.peterson@utoronto.ca
Elementary and adolescent literacy with a focus on socio-cultural issues in writing and writing assessment, multiliteracies, and rural literacies. "Northern Oral Language and Writing through Play" (NOW Play), an action research project conducted with teachers and children in northern Canadian rural and Indigenous kindergarten and primary classrooms.
Katherine Rehner Professor
katherine.rehner@utoronto.ca
Sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, French as a Second Language (FSL) education (student confidence & proficiency) FSL teacher practice
Jeffrey Steele Professor
jeffrey.steele@utoronto.ca
Second & third language linguistic competence (especially pronunciation), second language assessment, evidence-based pedagogy, bilingual children’s literacy acquisition
Shawna-Kaye Tucker Assistant Professor
shawnakaye.tucker@utoronto.ca
Language and literacy development, English as an additional language, English writing development, Educational provisions in the Caribbean, Home language and literacy environments.
Zhaozhe Wang Assistant Professor
zhaozhe.wang@utoronto.ca
Second language writing, writing studies, translingualism, rhetoric, digital media
Shirin Abdmolaei Lecturer
s.abdmolaei@utoronto.ca
Vanessa Alsop Lecturer
vanessa.alsop@utoronto.ca
Jeff Bale Associate Professor
jeff.bale@utoronto.ca
Language-education policy and teacher education, linguistic dimensions of systemic racism at school.
Nancy Bell Lecturer
nancy.bell@utoronto.ca
Kathy Broad Associate Professor, Teaching Stream
k.broad@utoronto.ca
Teacher professional learning, teacher education, teacher mentorship, continuing professional learning.
Cassie Brownell Assistant Professor
cassie.brownell@utoronto.ca
Politics of identity, literacies, and civics in contemporary schooling. Critical literacies, digital literacies, and elementary education.
Andrew Campbell Assistant Professor, Teaching Stream
ab.campbell@utoronto.ca
Equity, diversity, inclusion, cultural competency, education leadership, 2SLGBTQ+ issues, Teacher performance evaluation.
John Caranci, Lecturer
john.caranci@utoronto.ca
Alexandre Cavalcante Assistant Professor
alexandre.cavalcante@utoronto.ca
Financial education, numeracy, citizenship, STEM, entrepreneurship.
Anne Marie Chudleigh Assistant Professor
a.chudleigh@utoronto.ca
Teacher education and teacher preparation. Teaching in urban schools, self-reflective practice.
Rupert Collister Lecturer
rupert.collister@utoronto.ca
Holistic and transformative learning, Indigenous ways of knowing, Pre-service Teacher Education, Teacher professional development, Curriculum theory, Praxis, Contemplative pedagogy.
Michelle Dubek Assistant Professor, Teaching Stream
michelle.dubek@utoronto.ca
Progressive science education pedagogies and the integration of science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics (STEAM) across the curriculum.
Sameena Eidoo Assistant Professor
sameena.eidoo@utoronto.ca
Critical pedagogies, critical race theory, decolonizing methodologies, embodied anti-racism, futures, global Islam, hip hop culture, human rights, intersectional and transnational feminism, narrative strategy, sociology of education, youth politicization.
Jackie Eldridge Lecturer
jackie.eldridge@utoronto.ca
Building safe, inclusive classroom spaces through the lens of trauma-informed practices, emotional intelligence, resilience and effective instruction.
Veronica Ellis Lecturer
veronica.ellis@utoronto.ca
Barnabas Emenogu Lecturer
bc.emenogu@utoronto.ca
Mike Farley Lecturer
mike.farley@utoronto.ca
Rose Fine-Meyer Lecturer
rose.fine.meyer@utoronto.ca
Canadian women's history, Textbook narratives, Pedagogical practices.
Garfield Gini-Newman Associate Professor, Teaching Stream
ggininewman.gini.newman@utoronto.ca
Effective assessment practice. Critical thinking in learning, how to create classrooms for deep learning through sustained inquiry.
Michelle Grace-Williams Lecturer
michelle.gracewilliams@utoronto.ca
Marie Green Lecturer
marie.green@utoronto.ca
Rebecca Hughes Lecturer
rebecca.hughes@utoronto.ca
Gender and education, Literacy and technology.
Jim Hewitt Associate Professor
jim.hewitt@utoronto.ca
Educational applications of computer-based technologies, discursive processes in collaborative learning environments. Asynchronous distance education. sociocultural supports for knowledge building in elementary science classrooms. Uses of multimedia and online technologies for teacher development.
Hilary Inwood Lecturer
hilary.inwood@utoronto.ca
Art education, Environmental & sustainability education, Qualitative Research, Teaching methods, Environmental literacy.
Christine Jackson Lecturer
christine.jackson@utoronto.ca
Stacey Jacobs
s.jacobs@utoronto.ca
Mathematics teaching and learning, Fundamentals of Teaching Education
Maria Karmiris Lecturer
maria.karmiris@utoronto.ca
Arlo Kempf Assistant Professor
arlo.kempf@utoronto.ca
Anti-racism and anti-colonialism in K-12 and teacher education. Critical whiteness and white supremacy in education. Critical perspectives on neoliberalism in education.
Julie Kerekes Associate Professor
julie.kerekes@utoronto.ca
Linguistic manifestations of social (in)equities, the role of intercultural communications in language teaching. Employment trajectories of internationally educated professionals.
Kim MacKinnon, Assistant Professor, Teaching Stream
kimberley.mackinnon@utoronto.ca
Education technology, collaborative learning, online learning.
Iehnotonkwas Bonnie Jane Maracle Lecturer
bj.maracle@utoronto.ca
Cathy Marks Krpan Associate Professor, Teaching Stream
cathy.marks.krpan@utoronto.ca
Mathematics education focus on how to support students who struggle, English Language Learners and the teaching of argumentation. Her current research project explores think-alouds and self-talk in mathematics.
Janet Markus Lecturer
janet.markus@utoronto.ca
Doug McDougall Professor
doug.mcdougall@utoronto.ca
Mathematics teaching and learning, the professional learning of teachers, reciprocal learning between teachers in China and Canada, technology-supported learning, and academic leadership.
Sandra McEwan Lecturer
sandra.mcewan@utoronto.ca
Ken McNeilly Lecturer
kenneth.mcneilly@utoronto.ca
LGBTQ+ Parents and families
David Montemurro Associate Professor, Teaching Stream
d.montemurro@utoronto.ca
Urban education, global citizenship and sustainability education. Global citizenship education, culturally responsive pedagogy and sustainability education.
Shelley Murphy Lecturer
shelley.murphy@utoronto.ca
Mindfulness in schools.
Ana Laura Pauchulo Lecturer
analaura.pauchulo@utoronto.ca
Christina Phillips Lecturer
c.phillips@utoronto.ca
Mary Reid Associate Professor, Teaching Stream
mary.reid@utoronto.ca
Math content knowledge of elementary pre-service teachers, math anxiety in the classroom, the gender gap in STEM, and building efficacy for math teaching. Her most recent study critically examines the gender and race gaps in math performance, specifically the intersectionality of being female and of colour.
Steven Reid Lecturer
steven.reid@utoronto.ca
Abedeen Remtulla Lecturer
abedeen.remtulla@utoronto.ca
Allison Ritchie Lecturer
allison.ritchie@utoronto.ca
Engagement with scientific discussions, Problem solving, Verbal and non-verbal actions, Science identities.
Kyoko Sato Lecturer
kyoko.sato@utoronto.ca
Nick Scarfo Lecturer
nick.scarfo@utoronto.ca
Educational law, Professional ethics in education, ethical dilemmas of teaching.
Rob Simon Associate Professor
rob.simon@utoronto.ca
Practitioner research, critical literacy, and New Literacy Studies, how educators develop understandings, curriculum, and pedagogy from students' diverse cultures, languages, and literacy practices.
Erin Sperling Lecturer
erin.sperling@utoronto.ca
Citizen/community science, Youth engagement, Teacher education for eco-social justice, Eco-anxiety and eco-action, Food justice education, Science identity and intersectionality
Brenda Stein Dzaldov Lecturer
brenda.steindzaldov@utoronto.ca
Theory to practice in literacy teaching and learning, inclusive pedagogies, creating psychologically safe spaces for teaching and learning.
Jeff Stickney Lecturer
jeff.stickney@utoronto.ca
Carolyn Temertzoglou Lecturer
carolyn.temertzoglou@utoronto.ca
Mary-Lynn Tessaro Lecturer
marylynn.tessaro@utoronto.ca
Angela Vemic Assistant Professor, Teaching Stream
angela.vemic@utoronto.ca
Democratic citizenship education, teaching controversial issues, critical information literacy, teacher practice of epistemic reflexivity, decolonizing knowledge practices, teacher research, critical practitioner inquiry, school-university partnerships, and teacher education.
Dania Wattar Lecturer
dania.wattar@utoronto.ca
Mary Beattie
mary.beattie@utoronto.ca
The Sprititual dimensions of educators' professional knowledge, school development, restructuring middle and secondary schools in Ontario.
Larry Bencze
larry.bencze@utoronto.ca
Science and technology and societies and environments (STSE), Science and Technology studies.
Barrie Bennett
b.bennett@utoronto.ca
Elementary pre-service, Teaching thinking and learning, Instructional practices.
Linda Cameron
l.cameron@utoronto.ca
Early childhood education, Language and literacy, Children's literature, Parenting in education, Adaptive instruction, Teacher education and professional development.
Elizabeth Campbell
elizabethc.campbell@utoronto.ca
Pre-service teacher education, Professional ethics in education, Ethical dimensions of teaching.
Michael Connelly
michael.connelly@utoronto.ca
Reciprocal learning in teache education and school education between Canada and China.
Alister Cumming
alister.cumming@utoronto.ca
Learning, teaching, and assessment of writing in English as a second/foreign language, The development of assessment instruments in academic and settlement contexts, The evaluation of of programs for second langauge education.
James Cummins
james.cummins@utoronto.ca
English proficiency assessment tool development, Literacies in education, Designing learning environments.
Mark Evans
mark.evans@utoronto.ca
Citizenship education, Teacher education, Assessment and evaluation, Pedagogical practices, Equity and inclusion.
Grace Feuerverger
grace.feuerverger@utoronto.ca
Multicultural perspectives in teaching and learning, Ethnic identity maintenance and language learning, Immigrant and refugee experiences in educational contexts, Cultural and linguistic diversity in classrooms, Peace education.
Diane Gerin-Lajoie
diane.gerin.lajoie@utoronto.ca
Minority education, French minority language education, Educational policy, School and society, Identity construction, Teaching in minority settings.
Gila Hanna
gila.hanna@utoronto.ca
Mathematics education, The role of proof in mathematics education, Philosophical aspects of proof, Gender and mathematics education.
Ian Hundey
ian.hundey@utoronto.ca
Anne Jordan
anne.jordan@utoronto.ca
Thesis and dissertation development and completion at the masters and doctorate levels.
Mary Kooy
maryappel.kooy@utoronto.ca
Teacher education and development, Teacher knowledge, Women in teaching, Narrative, Teacher book clubs, Communities of learning and practice, Constructivism, English education.
Clare Kosnik
clare.kosnik@utoronto.ca
Teacher education and development, Teacher knowledge, Women in teaching, Narrative, Teacher book clubs, Communities of learning and practice, Constructivism, English education.
Ron Lancaster Emeritus
ron.lancaster@utoronto.ca
Carol Rolheiser Emerita
carol.rolheiser@utoronto.ca
Teacher education, Teacher development, Cooperative learning, Authentic assessment approaches, School improvement, System reform, Managing educational change, Teaching in higher education.
Elizabeth Smyth
liz.smyth@utoronto.ca
History of education in Canada, History of professions and professional education, The intersection of religion and history, History of teachers, Pedagogies of new technologies.
Nina Spada
nina.spada@utoronto.ca
The role of instruction in second language acquisition.
Merrill Swain
merrill.swain@utoronto.ca
Second language acquisition and sociocultural theory
John Wallace
j.wallace@utoronto.ca
Science education, Teacher learning, Qualitative inquiry.